Article 33

The arts and sciences are free, as is their teaching. The Republic shall lay down general rules for education and shall establish state schools for all branches and levels of education. Entities and individuals shall have the right, at no cost to the State, to establish schools and educational institutions. The law, when setting out the rights and obligations for non-state schools seeking equivalent status with state schools, shall ensure their full freedom and afford their pupils educational conditions equivalent to those of pupils in state schools. A state examination shall be prescribed for admission to and graduation from the various branches and levels of education and for qualification to exercise a profession. Institutions of higher learning, universities and academies, shall have the right to adopt autonomous by-laws within the limits laid down by the laws of the State. The Republic recognises the educational and social value of sports activity in all its forms and its importance in promoting psychological and physical well-being.